Everyone talks about stock markets and GDP growth. But what about the hidden metrics that actually move the market needle? We are talking about shadow banking metrics.

These metrics are a useful tool for predicting financial storms before mainstream analysts catch on. Sounds interesting? Well, it is actually very interesting.

In this blog, let's explore the fascinating world of shadow banking in India and the telltale metrics that have signalled many financial crises.

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What is Shadow Banking?

Ever wonder how money flows outside the traditional banking system in India? That's where shadow banking comes in - a parallel financial ecosystem that's been hiding in plain sight.

Shadow banking in India isn't new. Long before RBI regulations and fancy financial jargon, we had the "banias" (traditional traders) and caste-based moneylenders operating informal lending networks. These were India's original shadow banks, providing capital when formal systems couldn't or wouldn't.

Fast forward to today. Modern shadow banks, or Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) as we call them, have evolved into sophisticated operations, but with a critical distinction - they're not quite banks.

They can lend money like banks, but can't accept demand deposits. They can't issue cheques drawn on themselves, aren't connected to payment settlement systems, and most crucially, if things go south, your money isn't protected by the Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC).

The global financial community largely ignored shadow banking until the 2007-2009 crisis forced everyone to pay attention. That's when we realised these entities had grown massive enough to shake entire economies. In India, they've become essential to our financial ecosystem, funding everything from infrastructure projects to microfinance operations in areas traditional banks don't reach.

The 9 Obscure Indicators That Signal Trouble

Now let's see the interesting part. Here are 9 shadow banking indicators that have proven useful for predicting financial crises in India as well as globally.

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1. Asset-Liability Mismatch

This is perhaps the most critical metric in shadow banking. It occurs when NBFCs borrow money for 8 to 10 years before investing in projects with a gestation period of 10 to 15 years.

The IL&FS crisis of 2018 represents a classic example of this mismatch - the company piled up too much debt in the short term while revenue from its assets was skewed toward the longer term.

2. NPL Ratio

The Non-Performing Loan ratio tells us what percentage of all loans aren't being paid back on time. When this number starts climbing, it's not just a problem for individual banks - it's an early warning that something's amiss in the broader economy.

Think of it as the financial equivalent of a fever. It doesn't tell you exactly what's wrong, but it's a clear signal that something in the system isn't functioning properly.

3. Real Exchange Rate Appreciation

When the rupee gets too strong compared to other currencies (after adjusting for inflation differentials), it's actually not always good news. Why? Appreciation of the real exchange rate (relative to trend) has been the best monthly indicator for predicting banking crises.

This typically occurs when the currency becomes overvalued relative to economic fundamentals. It's like a rubber band stretched too far - the further it stretches, the harder it can snap back.

4. Debt Fund Exposure to NBFCs

This indicator is about concentration risk. When mutual funds pour too much money into NBFCs, they create a dangerous connection. Prior to the 2018-2019 crisis, mutual funds were heavily invested in shadow banking.

When IL&FS defaulted, panic-stricken investors pulled out their investments rapidly, forcing funds to sell assets at fire-sale prices. This resulted in debt funds’ value being slashed by 53% in a day when panic filled the market. This metric provides early warning signals for financial stress.

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5. Short-term Capital Flows to GDP

Among annual indicators tested, a high ratio of short-term capital flows to GDP has proven to be one of the best predictors of crises. Foreign money can leave as quickly as it arrives. It is called "hot money" for a reason. When short-term foreign investments make up a large percentage of a country's GDP, it creates vulnerability.

These investments chase high returns but flee at the first sign of trouble. When they exit en masse, they can trigger currency crises, stock market crashes, and liquidity shortages.
Before many market shocks in India, this number had climbed to worrying levels, creating the conditions for rapid capital flight when sentiment turned.

6. Current Account Deficit Relative to Investment

A large current account deficit relative to investment signals potential trouble ahead, as it indicates the economy is consuming more than it produces and is dependent on foreign capital. When a country consistently spends more than it earns (imports exceeding exports, plus other international payments), it needs to fund this gap somehow.

What makes this indicator special is looking at the deficit relative to investment levels. A high deficit combined with low productive investment is a recipe for trouble, as it means the country is borrowing externally mainly for consumption rather than for building future productive capacity.

7. Commercial Paper Rollovers

Commercial bonds and papers as short-term liabilities pose a double threat to the financial system. They are short-term IOUs (typically with 90-270 day maturities) that companies use for quick financing. Many NBFCs use them by paying off old papers by issuing new ones - a financial version of using one credit card to pay off another.

This works fine until market confidence wavers. Then suddenly, no one wants to buy the new papers, and companies face a cash crunch. In 2019, the same thing happened to DHFL, which could not roll over its commercial papers. When commercial papers with a maximum maturity of 270 days cannot be rolled over (renewed), it leads to a rapid deterioration in liquidity

8. M2 Money Multiplier

The M2 multiplier measures how much money banks create from each rupee of central bank reserves. When this number rises rapidly, it means credit is expanding faster than the underlying base money.

Think of it as building higher and higher floors on the same foundation. At some point, the structure becomes unstable. This indicator perfectly captured the excessive credit creation before the 2008 global financial crisis.

9. Health Score Methodology

This is the newest addition to our financial early warning system. Researchers have developed a "Health Score" methodology that can detect early warning signals of rollover risk problems in individual NBFCs. Downtrends in this score can be used to trigger greater monitoring of an NBFC before it creates systemic problems.

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The most apt application of these indicators can be seen in the twin crises that shook India's financial system in 2018-2019. In 2018, two subsidiaries of Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services (IL&FS) defaulted on their payments. In 2019, Dewan Housing Finance Limited (DHFL) also defaulted. Both entities defaulted on non-convertible debentures and commercial paper obligations for amounts of approximately 1500-1700 crore.

The impact was catastrophic, and we know that today.

Conclusion

The nine obscure indicators identified have proven remarkably accurate at predicting many financial crises. The future health of India's financial system depends on properly monitoring these key metrics and taking preemptive action when warning signs appear.

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